TY - BOOK T1 - History of The International Thermoelectric Society T2 - Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano Y1 - 2005 A1 - Vining, C. B. A1 - Rowe, D. M. A1 - Stockholm, J. G. A1 - Rao, K. R. ED - Rowe, D. M. AB - Thermelectrics is defined as the science and technology associated with thermoelectric generation and refrigeration.1 The technology of thermoelectricity began during the “Great Patriotic War” (World War II) when the Soviet Union, under Academician Ioffe’s inspiration, produced 2–4 watt thermoelectric generators to be included in a “partisan mess kit” and capable of powering a small radio from a small cooking fire.2 Spurred by major advances in semiconductor technology, discovery of more efficient thermoelectric semiconductor alloys, and advances in thermoelectric theory, the 1950s and 1960s witnessed significant efforts to further develop thermoelectric technology. Most of this effort was concentrated in the former Soviet Union, the United States and, to a lesser extent, Europe and Japan. This early period was characterized by rapid improvements in all areas of thermoelectrics, along with a high measure of enthusiasm. In 1961, Snyder3 listed 38 US organizations actively engaged in thermoelectric research, including many major corporations such as Whirlpool, Westinghouse, Bell Telephone, GE, Carrier and others. By the mid-1960s, practical thermoelectric devices emerged for niche specialty cooling applications (mostly aerospace) and for space power applications. Progress in efficiency improvement slowed and research peaked by about 1963 (Figure AI.1), followed by a steep decline in activity that was to continue for nearly three decades. Major US corporations shed their thermoelectric activities, in several cases resulting in start-up companies which are active to the present day (Melcor from RCA, Marlow Industries from Texas Instruments, and Global Thermoelectrics from 3M). The pattern of using thermoelectrics for niche applications requiring reliability more than efficiency has dominated the field ever since. However, this situation is likely to change with the use of this technology in the recovery of waste heat, the advent of high-performance nanostructured materials and advances in thin-film devices leading to wide-scale domestic and industrial thermoelectric applications. JF - Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton, FL USA SN - 0849322642 UR - http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=2264&parent_id=&pc= ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Chapter 53 Large scale cooling: Integrated thermoelectric element technology T2 - CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics Y1 - 1995 A1 - Stockholm, J. G. ED - Rowe, D. M. JF - CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics PB - CRC Press Inc. CY - Boca Raton U.S.A. SN - 0-8493-0146-7/95 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Chapter 54 Medium scale cooling: Thermoelectric module technology T2 - CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics Y1 - 1995 A1 - Stockholm, J. G. ED - Rowe, D. M. JF - CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics PB - CRC Press Inc. CY - Boca Raton U.S.A. SN - 0-8493-0146-7/95 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Chapter 55 Modeling of thermoelectric cooling systems T2 - CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics Y1 - 1995 A1 - Stockholm, J. G. ED - Rowe, D. M. JF - CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics PB - CRC Press Inc. CY - Boca Raton U.S.A. SN - 0-8493-0146-7/95 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Thermoelectric modeling of a cooling module with heat exchangers T2 - Proceedings of XI th International Conference on Thermoelectrics Y1 - 1992 A1 - Stockholm, J. G. A1 - D. W. Stockholm ED - Rao, K. R. JF - Proceedings of XI th International Conference on Thermoelectrics PB - The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington Texas 76019 , Dept of Electrical Engineering CY - Arlington, Texas, USA ER - TY - CONF T1 - Thermoelectric Cooling for Naval applications T2 - 7th International Conference on thermoelectric Energy Conversion Y1 - 1988 A1 - Stockholm, J. G. A1 - Schlicklin, P. M. ED - Rao, K. R. JF - 7th International Conference on thermoelectric Energy Conversion PB - The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington Texas 76019, Dept of Electrical Engineering CY - Arlington, Texas, USA ER - TY - CONF T1 - Thermoelectric module characterization T2 - 7th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Y1 - 1988 A1 - Schlicklin, P. M. A1 - Stockholm, J. G. ED - Rao, K. R. JF - 7th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion PB - The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington Texas 76019 , Dept of Electrical Engineering CY - Arlington, Texas, USA ER - TY - CONF T1 - Industrial thermoelectric cooling in the kilowatt range T2 - 6th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Y1 - 1986 A1 - Stockholm, J. G. A1 - Schlicklin, P. M. ED - Rao, K. R. JF - 6th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion PB - The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington Texas 76019 , Dept of Electrical Engineering Editor P.O. Box 19016 CY - Arlington, Texas ER - TY - Generic T1 - Thermoelectric air conditioning with water heat rejection T2 - 5th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Y1 - 1984 A1 - Buffet, J. P. A1 - Stockholm, J. G. ED - Rao, K. R. JF - 5th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion CY - Arlington, Texas ER - TY - Generic T1 - Thermoelectric material characterization at 300 K T2 - 5th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Y1 - 1984 A1 - Goudot, A. A1 - Schlicklin, P. M. A1 - Stockholm, J. G. ED - Rao, K. R. JF - 5th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion CY - Arlington, Texas ER - TY - Generic T1 - Prototype thermoelectric air conditioning of a passenger railway coach T2 - 4th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Y1 - 1982 A1 - Stockholm, J. G. A1 - Pujol-Soulet, L. A1 - Sternat, P. ED - Rao, K. R. JF - 4th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion PB - IEEE Catalog number 82CH1793-2 CY - Arlington, Texas ER - TY - Generic T1 - Large gas to gas thermoelectric heat pumps T2 - 3rd International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Y1 - 1980 A1 - Stockholm, J. G. A1 - Buffet, J. P. ED - Rao, K. R. JF - 3rd International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion PB - IEEE Catalog number 80CH1546-1 REG.5 CY - Arlington, Texas ER - TY - Generic T1 - Large scale thermoelectric cooling T2 - 2nd International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Y1 - 1978 A1 - Stockholm, J. G. A1 - Despres, J. P. ED - Rao, K. R. JF - 2nd International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion PB - IEEE Catalog number 78CH1313-6 REG.5 CY - Arlington, Texas ER -